3D打印技术与传统加工技术对比的优缺点

摘要:

随着计算机技术的飞速发展，3D打印（增材制造/快速成形）技术基于分层制造原理，采用材料逐层累加的方法，直接将数字化模型制造为实体零件，在多个领域具有广泛的应用前景。3D打印技术与传统加工各有千秋，3D打印与数控加工、铸锻造及模具制造等传统加工手段相结合，正在成为新产品快速成形与制造的方法之一。在民机制造领域，3D打印生产的零件，尤其是金属成形件，需要进一步的后处理（如热处理）才能投入生产使用。对于特定金属材料的3D打印成形零件，形状可以优化控制，并且结构静力性能可与铸锻件媲美。但是，由于无损检测能力的限制，3D打印零件内部孔隙度和微裂纹不可预测。对3D成形件的认识程度相比于传统加工还有较大差距，在民机应用中还有较长的路需要走。

Abstract:

With the rapid development of computer technology, 3D printing (additive manufacturing/rapid prototyping) technology is based on the principle of layered manufacturing and accumulates materials layer by layer to directly manufacture digital models into solid parts. It has be applied in many fields. 3D printing technology and traditional processing have their own advantages. Mixed manufacturing of 3D printing and traditional processing is becoming one of the methods for prototyping and manufacturing of new products. In the field of civil aircraft manufacturing, parts produced by 3D printing, especially the metal ones, require further postprocessing (e.g. heat treatment) before they can be put into production. For 3D printed parts of specific metal materials, the shape can be optimized and controlled, and the static properties of the structure can be comparable to that of castings and forgings. However, due to the limitation of the nondestructive testing ability, the internal porosity and microcracks of 3D printed parts are unpredictable. The understanding of 3D parts is still far from traditional processing in civil aircraft application.